欧盟废物管理法-2008/98/EC指令

该指令的目的是什么?

它建立了一个在欧盟处理废物的法律框架。该框架旨在通过强调适当的废物管理、回收和再循环技术的重要性来保护环境和人类健康，以减少对资源的压力并改进其使用。

关键点

该指令建立了一个废物层次结构:

• 预防;

• 重用;

• 回收;

• 用于其他目的的回收，如能源;和

• 处理。

• 它确认了“污染者付费原则”，即最初的废物产生者必须支付废物管理的费用。

• 它引入了“扩展生产者责任”的概念。

• 它区分了废物和副产品。

• 废物管理必须不会对水、空气、土壤、植物或动物造成任何危险，不会因噪音或气味而造成滋扰，也不会损害郊野或特别感兴趣的地方。

• 废物的生产者或持有人必须自行处理，或由官方认可的经营者处理。两者都需要许可证，并定期检查。

• 国家主管当局必须制订废物管理计划和废物预防方案。

• 危险废物、废油和生物废物适用特殊条件。

• 它提出了在2020年之前达到的家居废物(50%)和建筑及拆卸废物(70%)的回收和回收目标。

• 该立法不包括某些类型的废物，如放射性元素、退役爆炸物、粪便、废水和动物尸体。

修订指令(EU) 2018/851

• 作为循环经济一揽子措施的一部分，指令(EU) 2018/851对指令2008/98/EC进行了修订。

• 它规定了扩大生产者责任计划的最低操作要求*。这还包括组织责任和促进废物预防和产品的可再用性和可回收性的责任。

• 它加强了防止浪费的规定。在产生废物方面，欧盟国家必须采取措施:

• 支持可持续的生产和消费模式;

• 鼓励设计、制造和使用资源高效、耐用、可修复、可重复使用和可升级的产品;

• 针对含有关键原材料的产品，防止这些原材料成为废物;

• 鼓励提供备件、说明书、技术信息或其他方法，以便在不影响产品质量和安全的情况下维修和重复使用产品;

• 减少粮食浪费的产生，为联合国可持续发展目标作出贡献，即到2030年将全球零售和消费者人均粮食浪费减少50%，并减少生产和供应链上的粮食损失;

• 促进降低材料和产品中有害物质的含量;

• 阻止海洋垃圾的产生。

• 它还制定了新的城市垃圾回收目标:到2025年，至少55%的城市垃圾(按重量计算)必须被回收。这一目标将在2030年提高到60%，在2035年提高到65%。

欧盟国家必须:

• 在2025年1月1日之前，对家庭产生的纺织品和危险废物进行单独收集;

• 确保到2023年12月31日，生物废物可单独收集或从源头回收(例如通过堆肥)。

• 该指令还强调了实施垃圾等级制度的激励措施，如垃圾填埋场和焚烧场收费以及按扔收费计划。

该指令何时生效?

指令2008/98/EC必须在2010年12月12日之前成为欧盟国家的法律。

修订指令(EU) 2018/851必须在2020年7月5日之前成为欧盟国家的法律。

背景

过去，垃圾的产生是经济活动和增长不可避免的、不幸的副产品。有了现代技术和精心的管理，这种周期性的联系可以被打破。

有关更多信息，请参见:废弃物(欧洲委员会)。

EU waste management law
SUMMARY OF:
Directive 2008/98/EC on waste and repealing certain Directives
WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE DIRECTIVE?
    It establishes a legal framework for treating waste in the EU.
    The framework is designed to protect the environment and human health by emphasising the importance of proper waste management, recovery and recycling techniques to reduce pressure on resources and improve their use.

KEY POINTS
Directive 2008/98/EC
    The directive establishes a waste hierarchy:
        prevention;
        reuse;
        recycling;
        recovery for other purposes, such as energy; and
        disposal.
    It confirms the ‘polluter-pays principle’ whereby the original waste producer must pay for the costs of waste management.
    It introduces the concept of ‘extended producer responsibility’.
    It makes a distinction between waste and by-products*.
    Waste management must be carried out without any risk to water, air, soil, plants or animals, without causing a nuisance through noise or smells, or harming the countryside or places of special interest.
    Producers or holders of waste must treat it themselves or have it handled by an officially recognised operator. Both require a permit and are inspected periodically.
    Competent national authorities must establish waste-management plans and waste-prevention programmes.
    Special conditions apply to hazardous waste, waste oils and bio-waste.
    It introduces recycling and recovery targets to be achieved by 2020 for household waste (50%) and construction and demolition waste (70%).
    The legislation does not cover certain types of waste such as radioactive elements, decommissioned explosives, faecal matter, waste waters and animal carcasses.

Amending Directive (EU) 2018/851
    As part of a package of measures on the circular economy, Directive (EU) 2018/851 amends Directive 2008/98/EC.
    It sets minimum operating requirements for extended producer-responsibility schemes*. These can also include organisational responsibility and a responsibility to contribute to waste prevention and to the reusability and recyclability of products.
    It strengthens rules on waste prevention. On waste generation, EU countries must take measures to:
        support sustainable production and consumption models;
        encourage the design, manufacturing and use of products that are resource efficient, durable, reparable, reusable and capable of being upgraded;
        target products containing critical raw materials to prevent those materials becoming waste;
        encourage the availability of spare parts, instruction manuals, technical information, or other means enabling the repair and re-use of products without compromising their quality and safety;
        reduce food-waste generation as a contribution to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to reduce by 50% the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and to reduce food losses along production and supply chains by 2030;
        promote the reduction of the content of hazardous substances in materials and products;
        stop the generation of marine litter.
    It also sets new municipal-waste-recycling targets: by 2025, at least 55% of municipal waste by weight will have to be recycled. This target will rise to 60% by 2030 and 65% by 2035.
    EU countries must:
        establish, by 1 January 2025, separate collection of textiles and hazardous waste generated by households;
        ensure that, by 31 December 2023, biowaste is collected separately or recycled at source (for example, by composting).
    The directive also highlights examples of incentives to apply the waste hierarchy, such as landfill and incineration charges and pay-as-you-throw schemes.

FROM WHEN DOES THE DIRECTIVE APPLY?
    Directive 2008/98/EC had to become law in the EU countries by 12 December 2010.
    Amending Directive (EU) 2018/851 had to become law in the EU countries by 5 July 2020.

BACKGROUND
    Waste generation used to be an unavoidable and unfortunate by-product of economic activity and growth. With modern technology and careful management, that cyclical link can be broken.
    For more information, see:
        Waste (European Commission).

更多信息请点击：https://ec.europa.eu 

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